I think there might be some misconceptions here. I do not think that historians have viewed the Trojan war/post Trojan war period (whenever it was, somewhere between 1000-800 B.C.) as a golden age. It is more often called the Greek Dark Age when the entirety of Mycenaean society collapsed. Trade shrank to a small fraction of what it had been, crafts such as pottery and metalworking became much simpler and local, indicating a less complex society with a less specialised populace. Even Thucydides writes that this era was not all that fun, describing the movements of barbarian tribes and intercine warfare.

What I think that you might be talking about is the Classical era between rougly 600 B.C and about 350 B.C. This was the era of Athenian democracy and the great philosophers like Plato and Socrates and to some extent Aristotle. This was what some historians call the "axial age" where philosophy was born and of course it still resonates to this day. For instance, I was recently reading Plaot's dialogue "Protagoras" and it contains in it the same arguments that we use today about nature/nurture. In other cultural matters Greek theatre, tragedy and comedy, reached their apogee with playwrights like Aristophanes and Euripides.

It was also a time when Greece was resurgent against foreign powers like the Persians, defeating their attempts at expansion repeatedly at Marathon and Salamis. We should also add that another reason that this period seems so good is that most of our sources are Athenian, Thucydides was an Athenian as was Xenophon, Herodutus while he was not an Athenian openly admired Athenian institutions.

I hope that I haven't gone too far off piste with this answer. I I haven't explained something please feel free to message.

I think it's important that we distinguish our modern use of 'golden age' (ie. the best of times) with the specific 'golden age' of Greek mythology as described by Ovid, Hesiod et al. Which I wrote about in a previous thread

In Hesiod's timeline the Trojan War falls in the 'age of heroes' which comes after the golden, silver and bronze ages. Then after the 'age of heroes' comes his own time 'the iron age'

NB - Hesiod's use of 'bronze age' and 'iron age' here doesn't correspond to our modern use of those terms. We're talking about metallurgy, he's talking about mythology.