I know a bit about the rosetta stone and the help of it. But I can't imagine the work of deciphering such things properly. If I see a picture of a goose, I would assume it's meaning is to be a goose, but in hieroglyphs, a goose is (I think) pronounced ¨ete¨.
So, are there archaeologists, who can easily translate (maybe with the help of dictionaries) a sentence, eg. ¨I am a daughter of Bastet¨ into ancient hieroglyphs? Or vice versa for that matter, see a phrase/sentence in hieroglyphs and can translate it into their native language?
I tried myself with the internet to do this sentence or title (Dauhgter of Bastet) and am not sure if it's even remotely right... This is my try I used a book from my mum (hobby egyptologist) and this German webpage. I am sorry, I can't provide the title of the book, my mum's at work and can't look it up. I will try to add it up later today.
Additional question: Does ancient egyptian have grammar which can be compared to a modern language grammar?
Also I hope this is the right sub, otherwise I am open to suggested subs to ask this :)
Yes, there are people that can read Egyptian hieroglyphs.
The Rosetta Stone had an inscription in three languages, including ancient Greek, a known language. The guy that deciphered the language, Champollion, compared ancient Greek on the Rosetta Stone with the Egyptian hieroglyphs in the cartouches, which he correctly presumed to be names. He then compared these to the Greek names and using his knowledge of Coptic then was able to work out that the hieroglyphs could stand for sounds.
The grammar of ancient Egyptian is Hamito-Semitic, it has some similarity with Semitic languages like Arabic or Hebrew. I don't know these modern languages but I do know some Babylonian (which is also Semitic) and the verbs are certainly similar to Egyptian. There are three types of hieroglyph; ideogram, representing a word; phonogram, representing a sound; or determinatives, which come after phonograms and indicate the general idea behind the word. The sign for house, pr, can be an ideogram meaning 'house', a phonogram meaning 'pr' (the sound 'p' and the sound 'r') or a determinative meaning that the word is a building. Egyptian didn't use vowels in the written language, so these determinatives are essential in working out what the word means.
You're a little off with your attempt:
I would say: jnk z3t nt bstt (this is a called transliteration, basically the consonants of the language) It means "I, daughter of Bastet". The verb 'to be' is implied. This would look like this in hieroglyphic.
The first two symbols are 'jnk' (i-nek), this is the pronoun 'I'. The bird with the loaf of bread stands for z3t (zat), meaning daughter. The squiggly line with the bread beneath it is 'nt' (net) or 'belonging to'. Generally it is translated as 'of'. Then the rest is Bastet. The last symbol is a determinative. Often you find Bastet with a cat-headed determinative (C164).
Typically, when translating from ancient Egyptian, you would transliterate the sentence and then translate it into the desired modern language. If you're interested in learning, you could try James P Allen's Middle Egyptian.