Alcohol is a psychoactive drug; I'm not sure if you include that in the context of your question, but the Egyptians made extensive use of it. A large brewery was found in Hierakonapolis; it was used to produce beer which would be given to pyramid workers as rations. You can think of it almost like payment in this manner.

As opposed to the beer-drinking pyramid workers, Egyptian pharaohs drank wine. It's interesting to note the clear social distinction here; "you are what you drink." This distinction came about because beer could be made readily and locally; they grew large quantities of grain. Beer wasn't anything special. Wine - on the other hand - had to be shipped long distances; grapes were grown in the cooler, mountainous regions to the north. Wine was costly to ship and supply was limited so it was reserved for the elite. In fact, pharaohs were so keen on acquiring a consistent supply of wine that they looked for a way to grow it in warmer climates, hiring Levantine wine experts to find a way to accomplish this task.

Source: "Alcohol: Social Drinking in Cultural Context" by Janet Chrzan

This is not a solidly confirmed answer, but it is a possible answer and so I will include it here. In The Odyssey, Odysseus and his men end up in North Africa where they encounter the Lotus Eaters. Odysseus' men make friends with the lotus eaters and partake of their lotuses (loti?) and exhibit signs of drug addiction. They become euphoric, lethargic, and addicted. They don't want to leave the Lotus Eaters to return to Ithaca, and Odysseus has to make quite an effort to get his men to leave. Some people think this "lotus" was really the blue Egyptian water Lily which has psychoactive properties, and some think it was used in Egyptian "sacraments" due to its prominent portrayal in Egyptian religious art and myth.