I'd like to know what other major ontological systems were offered to explain both chemistry and the practice of medicine from the Ancient world to the 17th century.

• What was the state of chemical theory just prior to the revelation of atomic theory by Boyle and Newton? What was believed that atomic theory modified?
• Was there any similar reveal centuries earlier that made at least basic chemistry 'workable', even if it was based on improper theoretical foundations?
• What intermediate theories were offered from the High Middle Ages to the 17th century, ie what were the building blocks which were supposed to be more 'elemental' in creating other items? I know that many chemical reactions were recorded by this point, including known inputs and outputs.
• When did ancient 'humourism' cease to be an accepted method of describing the operations of the human body? I know that bloodletting was a late holdover from that way of looking, but I was under the impression that by the 14th century, examinations of corpses had already yielded similar 'in between' theories for the operations of digestion, disease and injury.