Do we find any historical reference to the problems that must have developed when sailors got to port? Did countries take any steps to deal with these problems?
I'm not sure where you got the idea that sailors had a "large amount of alcohol" (enough to get them incapacitated on a daily basis) during the Age of Sail. If you can cite a source/sources, I can take a look at it.
I answered a previous question on this topic awhile back, and there's some discussion in the comments that may be of interest:
tl;dr: The ration in the British navy was a gallon of (small) beer a day, or a half pint of spirits (often rum), served at twice for spirits and throughout the day for beer. Wine would be served in the Mediterranean but I'm not sure off the top of my head of the amount.
Eight pints of small beer, or a half-pint of rum, isn't enough to really incapacitate someone unless sailors saved up their grog ration to give to someone (say a messmate on his birthday). Sailors drank far more water than spirits or beer, with a "scuttle butt" of fresh water being provided for throughout the day. Officers could have access to more and more varied types of alcohol, but they had different responsibilities, and in any case, drinking small amounts throughout the day or more with a large meal was not uncommon in the time period.
Edit: Fixed reference to spirits
How much alcohol did they drink to get drunk vs. using it to sterilize the "fresh" water that had been stagnating in barrels for weeks?