Classic Roman soldiers are portrayed marching with the sarcina, a bag on a stick, did this change for the Byzantine army or did they maintain this? I also read that each legion had 500 or so pack mules, did the Byzantines keep this system or change it?
When on campaign, Roman armies of Late Antiquity (for purposes here, roughly 300 to 600 A.D.) would have carried anywhere from twenty days to a month’s rations on their person, depending on circumstances, in addition to their own personal effects. The exact manner in which soldiers carried their rations is unclear, though it is entirely plausible arrangements from earlier periods continued, especially since the primary offensive weapon of this period was a thrusting spear. In addition, Roman forces would have been accompanied by a baggage train, as it would have been impossible for the soldiers to personally carry all requisite supplies. Even comparatively small armies consumed enormous amounts of supplies. It is estimated that Julian’s army at Strasbourg of 13,000 (10,000 infantry and around 3,000 cavalry) would have consumed, daily, thirty tons of grain, thirteen tons of fodder, and 30,000 gallons of water. Armies of any size thus needed a baggage train. This would have impeded momentum, although a principal reason why such a large quantity of rations was carried personally was to reduce as much as possible the size of the baggage train. It is however worth remembering that, aside from food, the baggage train would also have carried spare arms and equipment (including pieces of artillery), as well as officers’ personal effects. While I cannot address the Komnenian period specifically (a bit out of my area unfortunately), baggage trains and pack mules remained an integral part of military logistics throughout the Byzantine period.