I'm trying to get a grasp of the political shifts from the late 12th century onwards and finding it a mess. My current understanding is that there was the Abbasid Caliphate and Ayyubid Sultanate in Arabia and Egypt, and the Seljuqs in Turkey, the Levant, and Iran. Then the Seljuqs split up to form the Seljuq-led Sultanate of Rum, while Iran became the Khwarezmian Empire.
I know that out the other side we have the Safavid dynasty ruling Iran, and the Ottoman Empire ruling Turkey. What I don't know is what happened during the Mongol conquests. My understanding is that with Iran, the Khwarezmian Empire was overtaken and turned into the Ilkhanate. The Ilkhanate took over Turkey as well, ending the Seljuqs. When the Ilkhanate dissolved, a couple decades later Iran was taken over by Timur. That eventually was overtaken by the Safavids. After Turkey was no longer under the control of the Ilkhanate, and it's during this time that the Ottoman Empire really begins. But looking at the dates, the Ottoman Empire began in 1299 (before the Sultanate of Rum was conquered). During this whole time I have no idea what's happening in the Arab states (I'm assuming they're under the control of the Fatimids and various Crusader states?).
I realize this is a very very heavy question and I'm not looking for too much detail. I'm primarily looking for the origins of the Ottoman empire and the Safavid Iran.
So a basic answer is that the Fatmid dynasty was ended by Saladin in 1169. Saladin was originally a general of the Zengi dynasty which controlled most of Syria. Saladin ultimately took over the territory controlled by the Zengis and established the Ayyubid dynasty which lasted until 1249 and seriously weakened the crusader states. The Mamluk's took power after that and wiped out the rest of the crusader states. They controlled Egypt and much of Syria up until the 16th century when they were subjugated by the Ottomans
Turkey was split up by several minor kingdoms including the Byzantine, Armenian and the Ottomans.
There's a lot more to it than that, but it's a good run down.