There were a few from time to time. In fact there was a Prince, Abdu-l-Rahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, who was the subject of an excellent PBS documentary called a Prince Among Slaves. His case became quite famous and he was eventually free by Presidential Decree. There were even some Arabic speaking slaves up until the time of the Civil War. If you're ever in DC, check out the African American Civil War Museum. They have among their collections letters and other diaries written in Arabic from the time of the Civil War. Not sure if these items are currently on display but they were when I went.

Yes, Islam arrived in the Americas only a few decades after Columbus, with African-Muslim slaves participating as sailors and soldiers in Spanish and Portuguese expeditions and later being used as slave labor on plantations across the Americas.

An excellent book on the subject is "Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas," by Sylviane Diouf. She writes that enslaved Muslims in America were a "double-minority - religious and ethnic - in the colonial world, as well as in the enslaved community." Nevertheless, they persevered as a community, and for several generations maintained their religion and traditions, in spite of the immense challenges.

"West African Muslims did not succumb to acculturation but strove hard to maintain their traditions, social values, customs, and particular identity. At the same time, paradoxically, Islam was the was the engine of upward mobility within the structure of slavery."

Islam was in fact the second foreign religion introduced into the Americas, after Catholicism and preceding Protestantism. Despite systemic attempts to convert them to christianity and suppress their religion, Islam remained a cultural force amongst Muslim slaves for centuries. As Muslims, many African slaves were literate in Arabic, a literacy which gave them power within the slave system. "Their literacy not only set them apart from most slaves and many slaveholders but became the basis of their disproportionate influence in slave communities and in some instances, their freedom."

In fact, the largest slave uprising in the history of the Americas was the Male Revolt (aka the Bahia Revolt), which occurred in Brazil during Ramadan in 1835, and was led by several hundred Muslim slaves.

Islam played a major role in numerous slave revolts, and throughout the Americas as a centre of resistance and maintenance of cultural identity. Islam was often a catalyst for slave resistance, such as the Male Revolt. Since slaves were brought to the Americas from across Africa and spoke many different languages, organizing resistance was often difficult. However, Muslims' shared knowledge of Arabic provided them with a powerful tool despite their many other differences.

As Diouf writes:

"Well organized and a galvanizing force, Islam in America was the catalyst of revolt and insubordination. It played a major part in the most elaborate slave uprisings and was the motivating force that sent freed men and women back to Africa."

Absolutely, there's no doubt that there were Muslims who came in via slave trade. What percentage, how many, that's a different question.

One of the most fascinating documents I've ever come across is the Bilali Document. Originally thought to be an autobiography, and then simply an old man rewriting lessons from his childhood in Africa, it's actually a work on Islamic law. It's based off a famous basic legal manual in the Maliki school of law, adapted to the realities of living as a slave in America. You could say it's the first original work of Islamic law written in America.

African Muslims in Antebellum America might be a nice read for you.

I actually answered this just 2 days ago. Here's my response from then:

Indeed there were. There is one person in particular, Omar ibn Said, who is a somewhat well known example of an African Muslim in that period as a clear example of an African slave who was a Muslim. He was able to write an publish an autobiography some of which you can read online. You can also see a page from the text here, which shows a chapter from the Qur'an written by ibn Said.

The following is from his biography:

My name is Omar ibn Seid. My birthplace was Fut Tûr, between the two rivers. I sought knowledge under the instruction of a Sheikh called Mohammed Seid, my own brother, and Sheikh Soleiman Kembeh, and Sheikh Gabriel Abdal. I continued my studies twenty-five years. Then there came to our place a large army, who killed many men, and took me, and brought me to the great sea, and sold me into the hands of the Christians, who bound me and sent me on board a great ship and we sailed upon the great sea a month and a half, when we came to a place called Charleston in the Christian language.

Quoting from Wikipedia for brevity:

Most of Said's other work consisted of Islamic manuscripts in Arabic, including a handwritten copy of some short chapters (surat) from the Qur'an that are now part of the North Carolina Collection in the Wilson Library at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

I'm not sure what the actual numbers were, and hopefully someone can provide some proper account, but at least one suggestion is that it was around 15%. What his case tells us though is that it was happening, and that in the early 1800s there most definitely were Muslims among those enslaved.

Hope that answers your question. There's actually a decent segment on a pоdсast called Backstory that's worth a listen if you're interested.

Yes, we know of quite a few notable examples of enslaved Muslims in the United States and elsewhere throughout the Americas. Omar ibn Said has already been mentioned. Others include Ibrahima abd al-Rahman, Ayyub bin Sulayman, Bilal Muhammad, Yarrow Mamout. Allan Austin has an excellent book called African Muslims in Antebellum America that provides short biographies of each of their lives. It's been estimated that between 15 to 30 percent of enslaved Muslims in the U.S. were Muslim, though I've yet to see any actual data on this. What we know for certain is that, as you said, Islam was widely practiced in the areas of West Africa from which slaves were taken -- 50% of those lands possessing at least a minority population of Muslims.

Enslaved Muslims' experience varied pretty widely on an individual religious level. Bilali Muhammad of Sapelo Island, Georgia was allowed to openly practice Islam and to teach it to his family; Omar ibn Said was forced to convert to Christianity as a condition of his return to Africa. However, as general trends go, there's fairly widespread evidence of dissimulation on the part of enslaved Africans, especially after missionaries started targeting plantations.

Islam also generally served to positively distinguish enslaved Muslims from their non-Muslim counterparts. The fact that they followed a revealed religion with a written scripture gave most slave masters the general impression of higher intelligence, which earned them better treatment, often placing them in positions of authority on plantations. Michael Gomez, in his book Black Crescent discusses a number of fascinating cases where slaveholders and other whites actually attributed different physical features to Muslims on the basis of their religion alone -- ascribing "Moorish" features to them rather than African ones.