Could you be more specific in relation to what cultures/time periods etc you are interested in? Are you also interested in the exchange of concepts, ideas, techniques (such as printing, writing, surgical skill)?

Looking, for example, at early trade between Europeans and New Zealand Māori reveals a fairly diverse range of goods were in demand. These include metallic tools (nails in particular were prized due to their durability and were used as chisels and fish hooks) and pigs and potatoes (these two food 'crops' in particular flourished when brought to New Zealand, and could furthermore be traded with other Europeans, especially as the whaling communities grew). Early missionaries brought with them printed texts, particularly the Bible, and these were prized both for their content as well as an indicator of status.

Goods that Māori provided to Europeans (primarily traders, whalers, sailors, settlers, and missionaries) in the late 18th and early 19th century included food, water, flax, timber and entertainment (sex).

One of my favourite examples of cultural exchange and the power of ideas and knowledge is the introduction of European medical (esp. surgical) knowledge to early modern Japan. German and Dutch texts significantly improved Japanese medical knowledge, particular regarding anatomy and internal organs (the Japanese medical elite had hitherto belonged to a different caste than that which dealt with bodies).

Further reading on rangaku (Dutch learning) will provide a fascinating account of the nature and impact of a highly controlled exchange of European goods, technology and concepts.

Sources:

New Zealand history:

• King, Michael The Penguin History of New Zealand, 2003.
• Belich, James Making Peoples, 1996.
• McKenzie, D.F., 'The Sociology of a text: oral culture, literacy and print in early New Zealand', P. Burke and R. Porter (eds.), The Social History of Language, 1987.

Japanese medical knowledge:

• Genpaku, Sugita, Dawn of Western Science in Japan, translated by Ryōzō Matsumoto, 1969.
• Kuriyama, Shigehisa, 'Between Mind and Eye: Japanese Anatomy in the Eighteenth Century', in Charles Leslie and Allan Young (eds.), Paths to Asian Medical Knowledge, 1992.

Edit: added more sources