Main question in the title. Some additional questions:
How in touch were they about news and politics around the country and world?
Was it a job that attracted many immigrants?
How was the pay, and what was the average amount of hours worked daily/weekly?
What were their encounters with Native Americans like, if there were encounters at all?
There is a missionary story titled "The Last of the Giants" by Henry Rimmer that purports to use primary sources. Being a missionary story the narrative is naturally problematic and the scholarship is poor but it is the best I can think off in terms of a primary source. My family has worked as lumber jacks in Northern MN for 5 generations. I could provide some anecdotes and a good amount of artifacts but that isn't allowed.
If you are near Minnesota, check out this site. Very informative and fun - young and old. http://sites.mnhs.org/historic-sites/forest-history-center/logging-camp