Well actually one of the leading causes of carbon monoxide poisoning is lighting an actual fire inside during extreme cold weather and this still happens today. Without a doubt people would die if they were in hostile environments and didn't know proper fire techniques or if they tried to light a fire in a closed room with no ventilation.

By 1800, a common way for a penurious gentleman in scruffy lodgings to finally put an end to his existence, was to call for a brazier of coals, seal the room up well, go to sleep and never wake up. With luck. Too many leaks around the windows and he would just wake up sick with a headache.

The pedantic history of science answer is that, from a historicist's perspective, no, no one could die of carbon monoxide before the industrial revolution since "carbon monoxide" did not exist yet. They may well have suffocated, asphyxiated, or died of mysterious causes, but they absolutely cannot have died of "carbon monoxide poisoning."

It's a very unpopular view outside of HoS, but I've gotta stick to my guns!

There is a number of incidents associated with arctic exploration. Most expeditions were forced to winter in the arctic, building shelters and cabins that were closed against the outside cold, and heating them by burning wood or sometimes locally available coal.

There is a theory that the members of Sir Hugh Willoughby's expedition (1553) died of carbon monoxide poisoning instead of (as usually assumed) exposure, starvation or scurvy.

Another early example is the members of the expedition by Willem Barentsz (1596-1597), who nearly died from carbon monoxide poisoning while wintering in a cabin on Novaya Zemlya. They survived by being able to open the door in the last moment after beginning to feel the effects of the poisoning.