Answer for British India:

The great depression severely affected British ruled India. The price decline from late 1929 to October 1931 was 36 percent compared to 27 percent in the United Kingdom and 26 percent in the United States. International trade decreased a great deal. The imports fell by over 47% while the exports fell by over 49% between 1929 and 1932. Between 1928–29 and 1933–34, exports due to seaborne trade decreased by 55.75% to Rs. 1.25 billion while imports decreased by 55.51% to Rs. 2.02 billion. The railways and the agricultural sector were the most affected.

The magnitude of Depression in India was signified by the protective policies adopted by British Raj which were beneficial to Britain but destroyed the economy of India. Historically the economy of India before British Raj was largely agricultural and based on cultivation of food crops. The British Raj changed the focus of Indian agricultural system from food crops to cash crops largely in part to provide raw materials such as cotton to textile mills in England the most important of them being the cotton mills of Manchester and Lancashire which were fed with raw cotton produced in India. At the onset of great depression the British government adopted a protective trade policy which banned the imports from India. The Indian farmers who by this point were producing these cash crops in large quantity were left helpless without anywhere to sell them due to very low local manufacturing and there was no demand in other regions of the world due to depression. Thus Great Depression had a terrible impact on the Indian farmer. While there was a steady, uninhibited increase in land rent, the value of the agricultural produce had come down to alarming levels. Therefore, having incurred heavy losses, the farmer was compelled to sell off gold and silver ornaments in his possession in order to pay the land rent and other taxes. By 1931, around 1600 ounces of gold were arriving every day at the port of Bombay. This gold intake was transported to the United Kingdom to compensate for the low bullion prices in the country and thereby revitalize the British economy. United Kingdom was overjoyed as its economy recovered with gold and silver from India.

The Viceroy, Lord Willingdon remarked

For the first time in history, owing to the economic situation, Indians are disgorging gold. We have sent to London in the past two or three months, 25,000,000 sterling and I hope that the process will continue

The railways as a medium of communication were affected due to decrease in imports and exports and general trading activity during the period. All the expenses for the years 1930–31 and 1931–32 were paid from the Railway Reserve Fund. There was a decrease of Rs. 150 million in the railway revenues between 1930 and 1932.

It is said that Great Depression was the event which triggered the Independence movement of India, there were many riots and protests during the period against high taxation and economic policies such as Salt March against the British monopoly on salt in India and the overall Civil Disobedience movement. Indian National Congress and other political groups which were previously advocating for Dominion status for India also commenced drive for complete Independence from British rule during the period.

Sources:

Balachandran, G. (2014). John Bullion's empire: Britain's gold problem and India between the wars. Routledge.

Manikumar, K. A. (2003). A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929–1937).

Thomas, P. J. (1935). India in the World Depression. The Economic Journal, 469-483.

Thumbnail (i.e., textbook) answer for China:

The Great Depression affected China first positively, then negatively. China's currency was based on silver; really the only major economy in the world that was based on this metal. The crash in 1929 dramatically devalued China's money. The effect of this, however, was actually to stimulate a short-term boom. Foreign goods were suddenly too expensive for Chinese consumers to buy. Thus there was unmet demand (and purchasing power) domestically despite the fact that internationally China was poorer. Further, Chinese banks sat on large reserves of silver, which they now loaned (at low interest rates) to domestic businessmen to expand operations and manufacturing. The result was rapid growth. (As an aside, statistics from this period, especially economic numbers, are notoriously unreliable -- China had only been "unified" since 1928 and some major provinces remained outside central government control and were still occupied by powerful warlords who jealously guarded their bailiwicks. Hence, much of the economic history of this period is tentative.)

But the boom was short-lived. In 1931 both Britain and Japan left the gold-standard and their manufactured goods were competitive again in China's market. Then in 1934 the US adopted the Sherman Silver Purchase Act which required the US government to greatly increase its purchasing of silver. (The goal was to help farmers with their debts, which had been made heavier by deflation, by inducing inflation and to help mining companies which had seen the price of their mined silver decline). The effect on China was a strong outflow of silver, draining bank reserves and undermining domestic development enterprises and operations.

ETA: One should not overstate the impact of the Great Depression on China. Other factors were far more decisive in making this time period uneven economically. The political issues (lingering warlordism) referred to parenthetically above is very important, as is the continuous (and disastrously expensive) military campaigns that Chiang Kaishek waged against the Communists in their Jiangxi base. Also playing a role in impeding growth was the problematic tax system, which used transit taxes that made the movement of goods within China expensive -- sometimes the transportation taxes far outweighed the cost of the goods. (To be fair, this problem grew partially out of the fact that China, since the Opium War in 1842, was not in control of its own international tariffs, which were set by foreign powers in the Unequal Treaties.) The impact of the Depression on Japan was much more decisive but ... I've run out of time and need to go teach my class, so that will have to wait for someone else or for this evening.

Source: R. Keith Schoppa, Revolution and Its Past, 3rd ed., pp. 213-4.