Broadly speaking, yes, there was a (vague) anticipation for a Revolution among the Russian intelligentsia well before 1917. This anticipation was in some ways unique to Russia, but, other states did have a sense of oncoming Revolution that did not materialize.

Before I get going I'm to assume from here on out that we're talking about the revolutions of 1917, and that when you say "revolution" you mean a Marxist/Communist style revolution a la October 1917.

Ok, so, yes there was a sense of revolutionary anticipation among the intelligentsia of Russia. Geoffrey Hosking makes the argument that the Russian intellectuals were in an odd position wherein the Russian state created an intellectual class by funding a small group of excellent universities. Additionally the government allowed the universities much more leeway than they did other sections of society. But, once they left school there wasn't much of an academic infrastructure to absorb nearly all of these educated Russians, some of whom were very poor. The result being that they really just had nothing productive to do but sit around and think up revolutionary pamphlets and pass them around. The best example of this being the novel "What Is To Be Done" by Nikolay Chernyshevsky (1863), wherein the concept of socialist collectives replacing capitalist/Tsarist society was advocated. Lenin was so influenced by it that he would title one of his tracts "What Is To Be Done"

Next, these intellectuals had a lot history of draw on, because Russia had a decent amount of unsuccessful revolts and revolutions to reminisce on. There was the Pugachev Rebellion during the reign of Catherine II, the Decembrists revolt of 1825, and (most importantly) the Revolution of 1905. This isn't even going into the major Polish Rebellions. The point of all of this is that prior to 1917 there had been enough major revolts and attempted revolutions for the intelligentsia to reasonably think that there might be another. As Marxism was very much the intellectual force among them, many imagined this to take the form of a Marxist, or at least socialist, Revolution.

Now, as to the issue of other states incorrectly anticipating a Bolshevik style revolution, the best example I can think of was Germany. Germany, after all, was the home of Marx, and state which Marx always imagined would be the breeding ground of the world revolution (England too it should be mentioned). Some of the notable non-Russian revolutionaries were Germans, such as Karl Radek and Rosa Luxembourg. Anyway, after WWI there was in fact revolutionary activity, notably in and around Kiel and southern Germany. But, it was always suppressed and once Hitler came to power in 1933 he made a point of liquidating any Communist opposition. There are probably other examples but I don't know them off the top of my head.

Sources: Geoffrey Hosking- Russia: Empire and People Robert Service- Spies and Commissars Adam Ulam- Expansion and Coexistence

Well, what Russian literature are you talking about? Petersburg by Andrey Bely was published in 1913 and is actually about the mood in the era leading up to the first Russian Revolution of 1905.

Many Russian authors address "the Revolution" but often in the context of individual characters who have embraced the revolutionary ethos, such as Bazarov from Father's and Son's by Turgenev and Ivan from the Brother's Karamazov by Dostoyevsky (I'd mention his work Demons, which is entirely about revolutionaries, but I have not read it yet and can't comment on it).

But as was mentioned before, there was the idea of revolution in Russian history many writers had to look back on. The Decemberists play a major role in War and Peace.

That said, Russian literature is often very topical so you should look into the history surrounding when a novel was published to understand the context.