Saddam and women's rights

by upads

Recently I was told by a fellow redditor that under Saddam's rule, in Iraq, women has the same rights as men, and women sold as sex slaves and/or brides wasn't a thing until America has invaded it. How much of this is true? Am I getting epic trolled?

yodatsracist

In many modernizing, non-democratic countries, you find something that people called "state feminism". That is, the feminism and women's rights "movements" were largely top down with the state dictating the terms of women's engagement with society at large to society at large. This is very different from Western women's rights movements, which are largely bottom up movements. Both still effect urban, educated women the most, but do so through different means. You may be familiar with the type of feminism espoused in socialist countries, for example. In those places, the state really pushed society from the top down to expand women's roles. Progressive, modernizing governments in the Middle East were similar. You see it in many of the Baathist/Arab-Nationalist/socialist influenced movements (Egypt, Iraq, Syria), but you also see it in other governments that styled themselves as modernizers (indeed, perhaps even more so in these places): places like Ataturk's Turkey, Bourghiba's Tunisia, and Hashemite Jordan (women in Turkey got the right to vote about two decades before women in France, if I recall correctly). In some places in the Middle East, like Tunisia and Turkey, this played out especially around issue of women covering themselves in public (rather than being "modern" women who uncovered), though I don't think this aspect was pushed in Iraq specifically. I don't know many specific details of women's life under Baathist rule, but I do know that women's rights was one of the tools that Saddam and similarly "modernist" leaders used to 1) legitimize their rule as modernist reformers, and 2) look good to both the West and the Communist Bloc (both of which emphasized their record on women's rights). After the Gulf War, Saddam turned away from Baathist Arab Secularism and to Islam as a legitimating ideology (he added the takbir to the flag in this period, for example) and I don't think he particularly emphasized women's progress/state feminism in the 1990's. Still, by all accounts it has gotten worse for women in Iraq, especially during periods and places where security is administered by non-state actors. Though Iraq still had a "Ministry of Women's Affairs" until last month, which comes I believe from the quasi-socialist Baathist state feminism, in 2011 it was apparently led by a woman who "stated that she was against equality between men and women and believed in the necessity of the guardianship and power of men over women." Very different in rhetoric even from the post-1991 "Faith Campaign" Baathist government, I'm sure.

As for sex slaves--the type that are bought and sold in markets, rather than marriages arranged by mutual consent of two families though without the bride necessarily being able to give consent in anyway that we'd understand it in the West (Yemen is notorious for such marriages, Iraq less so, though I'm sure it still happens in more rural areas)--you don't see that anywhere in the Arab World (or anywhere else to my knowledge) until the rise of ISIS. Even most Salafi scholars (the theological current that ISIS's religious leadership subscribes to) didn't seem to support it a few years ago, and those that did seemed to mainly treat it like a hypothetical question. As far as I know, no notable scholar from any of the other streams of Islamic thought have said anything remotely positive about the idea of bringing back slavery. There were certainly no morality police (called "hisbah" in ISIS controlled regions) in Saddam's Iraq.

So, no, I wouldn't say you're not getting "trolled". Though this has less to do with America's direct invasion, and more to do with the actions of post-invasion governments and (for the more horrifying examples) especially non-state actors. In general, in areas that the government, rather than ISIS or tribal groups or Shi'a militias, actual controls, I'm not sure how much has changed in terms of the day to day status of women--it's more like progress seems to have stalled. Still, the post-Saddam governments (which have been primarily controlled by Shi'a religious parties, though the new government is considerably more moderate on some important issues) have proposed some troubling legal changes in recent reasons. Foremost among these are proposed changes to the "personal status law" that would have, among other things, legalized marriage to women as young as 9, decriminalize marital rape, give fathers custody in divorce, and many other things that are steps back for women's rights. The law in power under Saddam, for example, set the marital age at 18, with people 15-18 being allowed to marry with parental and judicial permission. The change was proposed in 2013, and seemed headed for passage in 2014, though in a quick search I can't actually find any information if it did finally pass or not.