Especially in the South where total war was practiced, were there significant amounts of displaced people? Where did they go? How did the social landscape change as a result of the refugees?
I'm also open to a wide interpretation of the question of wartime refugees, if the American Civil War is too narrow a topic.
Indeed, thousands upon thousands of enslaved people fled to Union lines and freedom. Refugee camps could be found throughout the southern parts of the union, including Robert E. Lee's own plantation (now the Arlington National Cemetery). Providing for these fugitives was a major issue and occupied the efforts of Union officers, federal officials, and humanitarians. For more about the pivotal role these fugitives (many of whom became Union soldiers) played, see W.E.B. du Bois' classic Black Reconstruction...