I'm curious as to if a timeline exists for ancient Hebrew language like exists with Latin, where is shows beginning, to the golden age, then decline, followed by death as a first-language. I'm not as interested in the revival of Hebrew as much as I am it's decline and death, but I will welcome all answers. Also I would like to know, what languages did the people who spoke Hebrew began speaking as Hebrew was dying out as a native tongue. Was there a similarity with Latin, where the Classical language was different than the common language and many languages were formed from that?
I'm a bit more familiar with the beginnings of Ancient Hebrew than the end of it, but the beginnings are tied to the development of alphabetic languages in the southern Levant. Arguably (very arguably) the earliest example of Hebrew writing is the Khirbet Qeiyafa inscription, though it is so early that it could be considered Proto-Canaanite, Phoenician, or Moabite. All of these languages are closely related, and probably branched out from a common language. They all use the same alphabet, and are distinguished by small word differences, slight differences in grammar, and use of certain gods in names. For some languages, the difference might be akin to differentiating British and American, as British use different spellings for certain words (color = colour etc) and some words mean different things in Britain than America (chips). But the languages are very closely related.
This inscsription is dated to about 1000 BC.
The Hebrew language continued to be used through the Babylonian Exise (500s BC), though it transitioned to use the Aramaic script (Aram = modern Syria), and the Aramaic language became a sort of lingua franca across the near east.
Hebrew continued to be used, but only as a regional language until the Bar-Kochba Revolt in AD 135, which was the last gasp of Jewish nationalism, and after this the Jewish people were generally dispersed from the land and settled throughout the world.
Because the Jews were dispersed and Hebrew was dying out, their scriptures were translated into other languages, such as Greek (Septuagint) and Aramaic (Peshitta) and Syriac. (note: translations were happening as early as the 4th century BC, after the Exile).
Hebrew generally died a slow death from the 5th century BC through to AD 135, as Aramaic and Greek, the real international languages of commerce and education, took over. Hebrew remained a local language, and a language of liturgy. It was certainly still used during this intervening period, as we have letters from the leader of the last revolt, Simon bar Kokhba that were written in Hebrew. It's all recognizable Hebrew, though I am not sure if they were using Hebrew as a sort of political statement (they were rebelling against the Romans and trying to establish independent sovereignty, after all, and using an internally developed language rather than an externally developed language such as Greek or Aramaic might conceivably have been important from a nationalist perspective). Indeed, I'm not aware of much in the way of actual straight up Hebrew written documents between the 5th century BC and the 1st century AD. What we do have is highly influenced by Aramaic.
This ebook is not particularly peer-reviewed, so I can't speak to its accuracy, but it corresponds at least in general terms with the more well-cited works that you can access on Google Books, including A History of the Hebrew Language, by A. Saenz-Badillos. In fact, until the discovery of the Bar-Kochba letters, scholars believed that Aramaic had in fact replaced Hebrew as the main daily language of Jewish people after the Exile.
After this revolt, as I said earlier, the Jews were displaced from the Holy Land and settled among other people groups, and adopted those languages for everyday use, though they maintained the knowledge of the ancient Hebrew language and taught it in their schools and to their children, but it was not a daily life sort of language.
This is a decent timeline that I found online that covers the major events and inscriptions that impacted the Hebrew language. It's got a couple of small issues (I'd put King David in the 10th century slot, rather than the 9th, for example, and the Ketef Hinnom scrolls should be in the 7th century slot), but as a general overview of relative chronological information, it works.
I'm not as familiar with the later periods, so I am much more familiar with the development of the Hebrew language than its demise, and would welcome anyone who cares to chime in about that.
You should cross post this question over on /r/linguistics's weekly Q&A thread. You might get better answers over there from the historical linguists.