Probably unnecessary disclaimer: Yes I know that the Enlightenment was a lengthy period. If I could specify further, I would have already done so. Yes I know not all Enlightenment thinkers followed a stereotypically rationalist philosophy, but they have made the biggest dent by a large margin.
On a completely unrelated note, my tablet spellchecker recognizes "Chewbacca" but not "Enlightenment". I'm a little depressed now.
The greatest, and most well written about critique of the Enlightenment ideas came after about a generation later after it simmered down (1800-1880), during the Romantic Era.
See this fragment of a poem (A. Mickiewicz "Romanticity"):
*"The girl is out of her senses!"
Shouts a man with a learned air,
"My eye and my lenses
Know there's nothing there.
Ghosts are a myth
Of ale-wife and blacksmith.
Clodhoppers! This is treason
Against King Reason!"
"Yet the girl loves," I reply diffidently,
"And the people believe reverently:
Faith and love are more discerning
Than lenses or learning.
You know the dead truths, not the living,
The world of things, not the world of loving.
Where does any miracle start?
Cold eye, look in your heart!"*
Translated by W.H. Auden
The main accusations the author throws against the rationalists of the Age of Reason are that they are blind to the "real" truths - beauty, faith, emotion, love and God.
Post 1780, the apparent failure of the utopian rationalist ideas to produce a perfect new future, resulted in social and cultural backlash. The masses desired emotion, superstition and religion again, becuase the reign of rationalism, they so thought, havent delivered what it promised. This sentiment is captured well in XIX century poetry, as well as in the novels and plays of that era, where "the rational man with the magnifying glass" is usually portrayed as the fool who fails to see the REALLY important and wondrous truths.