Soviet agricultural production slowed down towards the late 1980s to early 1990s. That's when the long lines at grocery stores started appearing everywhere. Before then, the State was able, for the most part, to provide for its people during the 1950s to mid 1980s. There wasn't as much diversity in what was available as in the US, but the people were content and had more than they felt they needed.

Shortages of various goods of varying severity were pretty consistent throughout the Soviet era, but do seem to have gotten worse under Perestroika.

Shortages of things like wheat/bread were an issue through the Stalin era (there were two famines in the early 1930s and 1947 after all) but with some hiccups this ceased to be a major issue under Khrushchev. This was in part because the Soviet Union started to import grain. That being said some of the hiccups resulted in mass public disturbances like rioting, such as in Novocherkassk in 1962, which started with workers unhappy with what they were being served/sold food-wise. Robert Hornsby lists a number of such disturbances of varying scale in Protest, Reform and Repression in Khrushchev's Soviet Union.

Non-staple foods like meat were occasionally in shortage or harder to procure in some locations. The people interviewed in Donald Raleigh's Soviet Baby Boomers recalled friends and relatives going to great lengths to buy things like sausages, those that grew up in Saratov.

One thing to keep in mind I guess is that not everyone had to queue/experience shortages in the same way. Some cities were better stocked than others, and your job/party affliation could get you access to better stores. Referring back to Raleigh, people would often make a trip into bigger cities in order to try and obtain certain goods that were either unavailable or harder to get locally. Some would even take 'business trips' as a way of travelling for their shopping (bringing stuff back for other people helped to grease the wheels, as well as earn favours).

Housing shortages were pretty appalling in some parts of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. Newly expanded/built industrial complexes such as Magnitogorsk of Cheliabinsk frequently struggled to provide even barracks for all the workers, resulting in some living in dugouts (and some did so by choice to get out of those barracks/dormitories). See for example Kotkin's Magnetic Mountain, or Christopher Lennert's Tankograd. Even somewhere like Moscow housing wasn't too flash, with a lot of people crammed into relatively small apartments. Sheila Fitzpatrick talks about this in Everyday Stalinism. Improving housing opportunities was another hallmark of the Khrushchev era, and IIRC the quality of that housing improved in the Brezhnev era though it might have started improving before that.

Other goods like vehicles were also not easy to get. Jokes of the era highlight how long you would have to wait on a list to get your vehicle. I also recall a segment from Adam Curtis' blog (so probably from a BBC program of the era) where they visited a city with an automotive factory - locals would take the windscreen wipers off their car when parked because people would steal them. Spare parts for things you could buy were often in short supply, hence if your wipers were stuffed (or you knew someone who would return the favour who needed wipers...) you would be sorely tempted to steal someone elses.

As I've hinted at a couple of times, the grey/black market also provided for many people. In Magnetic Mountain it is particularly emphasised how important this illegitimate/informal economy was to every sector of society to get what you needed or wanted. So if your factory doesn't get its alloted materials (or you need/want more), a tolchak could help you out. If you couldn't find onions in a state store, if you headed to the market someone who probably bought a lot would be selling them there for a mark up.

While all the shortages and such make the place sound pretty miserable, it does bear repeating that:

1. During the Stalin era this was seen by many as a necessary sacrifice to build a better future.

2. Through the Khrushchev and Brezhnev era things did get better, and while not everything everyone wanted was easily had, people were generally not unhappy. They didn't like messing around to obtain goods or queuing. But for example the people interviewed by Raleigh, now older and living in a post Soviet world, don't really recall it all as being doom and gloom and some still see it as a happy time.

Which brings use to Perestroika - the market-style reform efforts under Gorbachev, along with other shocks to the system like the collapse of the Eastern Bloc (which supplied certain inputs/products to Soviet consumers), resulted in considerable disruption to distribution and production. Linking goods to market prices could also backfire - instead of making more available to people, it could result in producers/retailers taking their product elsewhere for better prices. This period made a great impression on people, partly because it was so widely televised and Glasnost meant people could talk more openly about how angry they were about it. Stephen Kotkin's Armageddon Averted covers this economic shortage pretty well, as from memory does Archie Brown's The Gorbachev Factor.