This is not really a historical question; it is a philosophical one. The question is whether mathematics is something natural to the universe, or whether it is a human creation. This has been a somewhat intractable debate since antiquity. You might look into the questions of mathematical realism and anti-realism, which map strongly onto philosophical positions such as Platonism and Formalism.

In any case, a historian cannot answer this question, because it is ultimately about the ontological status of mathematics. What a historian can do is show how certain mathematical concepts arose, what contexts they developed from, and how they were distributed, modified, and used (and there is an entire field of history of mathematics which does such things). Generally speaking I think we commonly assume that many techniques of mathematics were "invented" (like the calculus, which is a specific technique for solving specific types of problems, and was independently invented by Newton and Leibniz), but the question of whether the underlying mathematical relations were "discovered" or "invented" is a thorny one. Many current historians of science prefer to muddle these two categories, pointing out that the line between "discovery" and "invention" can be both philosophically and historically murky (one advisor of mine preferred to talk of "discoventions" but this terminology has never caught on, perhaps for good reason!).