There are already a couple of nice answers about the origins of those names but just to make the point even clearer: there are people named John, Matthew and Peter in your Bible because it's an English translation.

In my Bible, which is a Portuguese translation, there's a lot of very popular brazilian names like João, Pedro, Mateus, Thiago, Lucas and André.

Unfortunately we don't have any original manuscripts of the books that eventually ended up compiled in the Bible. The oldest ones we have are written in Greek and Hebrew, and there's good reason to think that the originals were written in these languages too (or maybe Aramaic in some cases). Of course, none of those seemingly English and Portuguese names are in the original story. They are actually filled with Hebrew and Greek names: Yochanan, Petros, Yaakov, etc.

When people translated the Bible to European languages, those names were rendered in forms more familiar to the ears of the people who spoke those languages. And those versions of these names became popular in those languages precisely because they were cited in the Bible.

So the question is not why there's a guy called Davi in my Bible (David in yours). The question is: why am I, a XXI century brazilian, named after the Hebrew king of a small, almost insignificant, East Mediterranean Kingdom from 2700 years ago? It's because this story went into a book, that eventually became the foundational text of a big religion, was translated into portuguese and those portuguese versions of Hebrew names became popular in portuguese speaking regions.

Related question: Was Paul a name before Saul's conversion?

Jesus is also a translation of Yeshua, which could also have been translated Joshua.

Since Alexander the Great started an era called Hellenistic, in which various cultures adopted parts of the Greek culture. The successors of Alexander built gymnastics stadiums, theaters, philosophy schools etc, across the 3 Hellenistic kingdoms, that spanned from modern day Greece to Pakistan. Judaea in particular had a 'problem' with that, in that many Jews were even adopting Greek names, way of life and customes, and were losing their connection to their past. The Jewish festival of Hanukkah celebrates the survival and victory of the Jewish tradition over the foreign Greek lifestyle and culture, but even after the revolt, a number of Jews kept adopting the lifestyle because they wanted so. Note that it wasn't just the Judaeans that were adopting Greek lifestyle and language and names, but also Syrians, Egyptians, etc.

By the time Jesus was born the area was ruled by Romans, and the Greek language had became 'lingua franca' across the Roman Empire, meaning the standard language that was used when people foreign to each other were speaking, kind of how English is quite a popular language today.

Fascinating thread.

So what about names like Paul, Mark or Luke? And whatever happened to the name Judus?

That's just the modern pronunciation of those names in English. For instance, Isaac would have been pronounced "Yitschak" in Hebrew.

If you're into this... John has many variants. Here's a surprising link (to me) starting around minute 1:55

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwyZlcd7Ooc

Edit: transcript

The reason why people were bitchy about it is because of the bitchiness of the meme. It's trying to act so smart and superior, when in actuality the memer (?) didn't even bother to find out why that is.