How was the annexation of Hawaii viewed at the time?

by RealPodrickPayne

Was it a righteous conquest and the logical conclusion of manifest destiny? Or a dishonorable coup? What about non-American reactions?

b1uepenguin

Generally reaction in Hawaii was pretty negative. The whole thing wasn't totally unexpected really. The US had leased Pearl Harbor from the monarchy and American oriented businessmen had already staged a coup with the help of American marines to over throw the monarchy. The only reason HI wasn't annexed earlier was initial US opposition, especially from Grover Clevland, who wasn't thrilled on the idea of the US aiding and abetting the overthrow of a government with which it had good diplomatic relations. McKinely didn't have the same problems- as evidenced by his own much further expansion in the Pacific- and went ahead allowing the unilateral annexation of The kingdom. This wasn't terribly poplar- I'm not at my computer so i can't do all the legwork right now- but I would definitely direct you to the US national archives newspaper database to find press reactions to annexation and the overthrow. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov

Immediately after annexation, groups who held activily and forcefully resisted occupation, formed the Hawaii Independence Party, later the Homerule Party. Robert Wilcox was a well regarded leader of that faction and was the HI rep to congress at the turn of t he century. Of course parts of the population, especially wealthy planters were completely thrilled about annexation and the greater access to American markets it brought.

As far as foreign reaction. I was actually just reading through the French reaction in the national archives earlier this week. I apologize but I uploaded those files to my Dropbox already and don't have good access to them thanks to the crappy wifi I have at the moment. They are several hundred megabytes. So I don't have any good quotes or awesomeness to share from it besides generalities. Generally through they, like people in Hawaii, were not surprised. King Kalakaua had alerted the French through his consul in Papeete the dangers posed by the planters and the American designs on the islands. The French were well aware that the islands had fallen closely into the American orbit, and after the US attempted annexation of American Samoa some years earlier, it wasn't so much a question of if, but when the US would make a bid for further territory. (gErmany was seen in basically this same light at the time). So I wish I had more details to offer at this point aside from saying they were not thrilled about it, but they weren't prepared to do anything about it. Their attention was mostly elsewhere, an ongoing rebellion in the windward islands after their annexation and the looming question of what to do about the New Hebrides (Vanuatu).