Why were the battle ships in Pearl Harbor like the USS Arizona so vulnerable to a one time air attack in a safe harbor compared to the German Turpitz and other examples of ships that took repeated beatings for months from the RAF?
Surprise, visibility, and numbers.
To get to the Tirpitz RAF bombers had to get past multiple spotters, radars, and defensive AAA positions. Along with defending fighters on CAP to intercept raids.
The Tirpitz was also heavily camouflaged, and even had portable smoke machines set up to ruin the aim of bombers. The Japanese struck Pearl on a clear morning, without things like mountains constricting torpedo bomber runs, meaning ships could easily be hit.
The IJN achieved COMPLETE surprise, the first sign that the attack was happening was when the first torpedo bombers went in for their runs. Nobody tiring to stop you means it is easy to line up perfect shots. And once you have the enemy confused and off beat all defensive efforts are a step behind.
The individual raids on Tirpitz were also smaller than the attack on Pearl. GOODWOOD for instance only used about 40 strike aircraft as the main element, CATECHISM used 30 Avro Lancasters, TUNGSTEN used about 50.
The IJN meanwhile had over 300 Dive and Torpedo bombers between both waves.