Quick to ask, not easy to answer. This was not a simple progression. The basic flintlock mechanism, the snaphance, appears in the later 16th c., a little while after the wheel lock. Both systems and the matchlock would be known going into the 30 Years War. The matchlock was ( within limits) reliable, cheaper to make. The wheel lock was expensive, and reliable. The snaphance was a compromise- not as expensive as a wheel lock, but less reliable than a matchlock . There's some complex geometry in a flintlock ( just the combination of frizzen and pan-cover that features in the classic ones must have taken bit of de-bugging). So perhaps it is not surprising to find combination snaphance/matchlock guns around 1630. Another complication is that matchlocks don't work very well for pistols, so an army of infantry might be equipped with matchlocks in 1640, but the cavalry would be using wheel lock pistols. But 1630-1650 seems to be the transition from matchlock to wheel lock to simpler "dog lock" flintlocks. By around 1670 matchlocks are pretty rare, for primary military weapons.

I do not have specific sources from who and when had the first battle with them, but most likely would be either Louis XIII or Louis XIV: both of them dearly loved guns and war, and spent freely.

Blackmore:Arms and Armour of the English Civil War

Brown: Firearms in Colonial America