I'm a well educated graduate living in the USSR. I've had a good idea that in the U.S. Would attract investment and be the foundation of a strong business. How do I go about making my idea happen and to what degree do I benefit from my idea?

I think you should reformulate your question because it's unclear what you are looking for. As a general rule of thumb, ideas in the USSR belonged to the State (or everyone if you prefer to see it that way). You can read a bit of that with the story of the russian guy who invented Tetris, unfortunately I can't link at work but I'll develop more as soon as I can.