I'm not a historian, but I will plunder heavily from Elizabeth Brainerd of Williams College's wonderful 2007 paper on this topic, which is the best source I'm finding right now that isn't behind a paywall or in a popular publication.

Basically, the sex ratio of the Soviet Union in the reproductive age cohorts, which in almost all modern societies skew heavily male, were completely inverted when compared to the modern trend.

The disproportionate deaths of young men resulted in a drastic change in sex ratios among the population surviving the war. For example, the ratio of men to women in the 20-29 age group declined from .91 to .65 between 1941 and 1946. [...] By 1946 women aged 20-39 outnumbered men in the Soviet Union by approximately 10.2 million.

Consequently, the average age of first marriage of women in the war cohort was increased (if only modestly), signalling greater difficulty in finding a spouse.

This is evident in the sharp increase in age at first marriage for Russian women in the cohorts most affected by the war: women born in 1915, for example, married at an average age of 23.2, while women born in 1921 were slightly older than 25 at first marriage.

The author presents her case that this "weakened bargaining position" women held in the postwar Soviet Union marriage market further entrenched the sex imbalance. Males were able to fall into a pattern of alcoholism and child neglect, which reduced the survival rates of male offspring, and their wives had little leverage with which to improve their familial situations when the men had so many other options open to them (or were outright absent from the family).

She concludes:

The results presented in this paper suggest that the effects of the war impacted these women's lives for decades, leading to higher rates of childlessness, more out-of-wedlock births, higher rates of female headship and higher rates of abortion and deaths due to abortion than would have been the case absent the war. The evidence is suggestive that unbalanced sex ratios had negative effects on the second generation as well, reducing the well-being of the (male) children of women in the cohorts most affected by the war.

Note: The paper is only really focused on how the shortage of males affected the fertility and marriage patterns of women in the postwar USSR. As such, it only tangentially touches on the effects on males.