A question came up on /r/askphilosophy, here about the institutional context for learning in the ancient world. Specifically it was about the four chairs for philosophy Marcus Aurelius created. I was wondering what exactly this meant, what the institutional context was, what sort of things these people were supposed to be doing, etc. I was hoping any of you could tell me about this.
But more generally, I'm interested in the relation between intellectual development and it's institutional contexts, so any general or specific literature you could recommend would be appreciated.
Unfortunately I can only point to some of the major literature, but drawing roughly upon the material cited by Gautier Dalché in his recent: "L’enseignement de la géographie dans l’antiquité tardive" Kilo 96.1 (2014): 146 n. 2-3. (Which is certainly a key work if you are interested in the way that Geographical knowledge fit into late-antique education.) So that said, as Wokeupabug pointed out in the thread you link to, H-L Marrou's, Histoire de l’éducation dans l’Antiquité seems to be the dominant work of the last generation of scholarship and is probably still worth looking at; and, fortunate for those who lack French, it has been translated into English under the title: A History of Education in Antiquity.
A more recent work (well more recent in a very general sense) that you may find more useful is M. L. Clarke's Higher education in the ancient world (1971), as his approach seems to have a larger focus on the role of philosophy and philosophical education.
For some related studies on Roman education that seem to focus more on regional educational trends and building a fuller picture of Roman education: R. Cribiore, Gymnastics of the mind. Greek education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt (2001), or if you read German: K. Vossing, Schule und Bildung im Nordafrika der romischen Kaiserzeit (1997).