Big question, and the details could fill more than a few books. Broadly, transportation had the biggest change. The usual fuel before then had been coal. Oil has more hydrogen, so you need less of it. That affects transportation in a lot of ways. Coal-fired ships needed coaling stations, which were a motivation for the US to acquire Hawaii, and the Phillipines. Fuel oil could power a ship for a much longer distance, and was easier to transport. Petroleum fuels also allowed easy use and marketing of automobiles. Although Henry Ford's early designs allowed the use of alcohol as a fuel, very quickly gasoline became standard, and with that automobile traffic quickly became the chief concern in urban design- cities increasingly were built with cars in mind.

With an increasing dependence on oil, maintaining supplies of it also became a part of government policy, which ( among other things) has tended to involve the US in conflicts in the middle east. And it is not alone- if Japan had had secure supplies of oil, it is possible it would not have ventured into WWII.

It's possible to get into counter-factual scenarios also, and speculate on how the US could have possibly developed solar energy or fuel-efficient cars sooner, if cheap hydrogen fuel in the form of oil had not been available.