So I'm taking AP U.S. History and so far whenever a student has asked this question the teacher replies "Slavery." While I understand that the institution of slavery had a lot to do with it, I find it hard to believe that the situation was so black and white (no pun intended). It seems crazy that 11 whole states would choose to incite a large-scale war with the United States just because they wanted to own human beings and the other side didn't.
Saying "slavery" is simplistic if that is all he says. Of course like any historical event (and event) there are many different factors and causes. There is an extensive post hoc effort to say that slavery was not the issue, that it was states' rights or tariffs or something. But "slavery" is the best one word answer, we can see that by looking at what the seceding states themselves said:
South Carolina Declaration of Independence
Georgia:
Mississippi:
Texas:
FYI, there are a bunch of posts in the FAQ that tackle this question in depth
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While it may seem crazy to you, it is absolutely true. Slavery had been the dominant force in American politics for the entire decade of the 1850s, and in a sense a little bit longer. The Compromise of 1850 forced Northerners who had been trying to avoid thinking about slavery to grapple with the issue. Enforcement of the fugitive slave act meant that Northern law enforcement and judicial systems were mandated to help with the apprehension and return of fugitive slaves. High profile cases where fugitives were apprehended in the North put a local, human face on slavery. The novel Uncle Tom's Cabin--a bestseller unlike any other book in American history to this point--created a sympathetic and moderate model for antislavery identity (prior to this point abolitionists were easily marginalized as wild-eyed radicals for the most part). The rise of free soil politics, which argued that slavery was a threat to ordinary white workers and that saw the expansion of slave territory as a manifest danger worth fighting over provided another outlet for northern antislavery which due to its anti-black overtones could appeal to an even more conservative segment of the Northern population than Stowe or radicals like Garrison.
At the same time, slavery became even more entrenched in the South. Cotton prices rose, new plantations came online, and the increasing ubiquity of slave powered industry gave ordinary, non-slaveholding Southerners a stake in the slave system and allowed middle-class Southerners to envision slavery as a force that could modernize the South. At the same time, the southern states banned abolitionist periodicals and voicing discontent with slavery was a perilous opinion to espouse in the South, where vigilante justice was not uncommon and where murder rates were 4 times that of the antebellum North. Increasingly there were a series of flashpoints that polarized the two sides; Bleeding Kansas, John Brown's Raid, and the caning of Sumner all occurred over the course of the late 1850s and all were motivated by clashes of ideals over slavery. By the time Lincoln had been elected president, it was impossible for entrenched Southern interests to submit to a chief executive who opposed slavery's expansion and who could envision its end. And then we had a civil war.