The best answer you'll get--at least about the origin of the issue--is /u/Tayaravaknin's massive four-part answer here. That gets you through 1948, the period which sets the precedent for later conflicts, and I believe if you look he has other long answers that get you through the 1967 and 1973, at the very least.

Could I point out that Israel is a part of Palestine? Palestine is one of the geographical names for the region as well as a political one.