Also, where does roman rule fit into all of this? Is there an infographic out there that could explain the time line of the different ages? Where does the Renaissance fit in? I'm guessing it comes after the Middle Ages?
I'm new to this subReddit and Reddit in general, so please excuse my errors, but I'll try to answer your question, at least partially.
Some of the ideas of the classical world did survive through the collapse of Western Rome, especially those carried in the Latin works of Church Fathers (Augustine, Origen, Isidore, Ambrose, et. al.). Boethius, although not usually considered a Church Father, is also an important transmitter of Late Classical thought. Their ideas can be broadly classified as a synthesis of Christian thought and the current trends in neo-Platonism, but the intellectual antecedents of neo-Platonism was generally obscure to the early western medieval world. The main problem for intellectuals of the early western medieval world was the general lack of resources to devote to copying, translation, and study of ancient texts. Ancient texts need to be actively preserved, then copied, over time lest they decay away to nothing; because resources to do so were limited they prioritized towards works that were obviously relevant to their intellectual and spiritual lives, and away from less obviously relevant classical miscellania.
The reason I caveat with "early western medieval" is also important. The Eastern Roman Empire, what would come to be called the Byzantine Empire, continued the intellectual traditions of the Late Classical Period largely unbroken. As the Byzantine Empire gradually collapsed through the Middle Ages, texts and scholars (who, unlike most of their western counterparts, were familiar with Ancient Greek) flowed to Italy and the rest of wider Christendom. The Western Medievals also gradual gained access to Arabic and Hebrew scholarship through contact via the Crusader Kingdoms in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which was ruled by Muslims and had substantial Jewish minorities.
The Renaissance is generally held to be the reintegration of classical learning into Western society, and as such shouldn't be thought of as a discrete period of time, but rather a cultural movement that flowed out first from Italy then north and west at various times and through various groups of people in various ways.
To give some words on dates:
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, and entry into the Middle Ages, is held to be 476, but Roman culture survived in parts long after, and distinctly Medieval trends can be identified long before. The Byzantine Empire was totally destroyed in 1453, but was reduced to a minor city state well before that.
"Early Middle Ages" is what some used to call the Dark Ages, it can be said to have ended as early as Charlemagne (~800), or centuries later depending on where you look and what criteria you use.
The Reconquista can said to have started as far back as the early 700s, and did not completely end until 1492.
The Crusader Kingdoms existed mostly in the 1100s and 1200s, although remnants lasted longer.
The Renaissance is almost impossible to date seriously, but is broadly accepted to have started in around the 1300s.