This is an incredibly difficult question to answer in a simple way, because, just like anyone, there are a lot of different names for different places. If you are from Wicker Park, do you call your homeland Wicker Park? Or Chicago? Or Illinois? Or America? Is the focus the same if instead you are from, say, Greektown or Skokie? How the conceptualisation of place as it pertains to identity is dealt with is highly variable based on a number of factors, so you're not always going to get the same answer from the same person on the same day.
If, however, we're just saying "Our group is from this place and this place is called X" in the most basic sense, then this is easier to answer, but the answer is long, because it ultimately means providing a list of all known endonyms for Aboriginal groups throughout the continent.
The data does exist though; There are records of aboriginal place names in Australia going back as early as there were people writing them down. In the 1780s, Europeans had already begun documenting the endonyms of the places they found themselves in. There are whole lists that were kept, documenting all the different native names. How all these names came to be is also equally variable. Different languages had different methods, and within a single language group some might be of unkown origin while other are descriptive ("wet marshland") and others are common nouns (e.g. a kind of lizard found in the area).
Unfortunately there is not, to my knowledge, an easy way to paste such a list of all the place names into a Reddit comment. Take a look at Wikipedia's list of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin to get an idea.
You may also find the Australian Museum website of use. They have resources such as this list of Aboriginal place names around Sydney. That's actually the same data collected by the person who wrote the Sydney/Port Jackson chapter for the 2009 book cited below.
tl;dr: check it out.
Disclaimer: I'm not focused on Aboriginal languages or Australian history, so you may find more detailed answers from others here. I'm just a linguist who happens to live in Australia from time to time, and also I stayed at a Holiday Inn last night (Is that commercial still being aired? I don't know. I'm out of touch).
Sources:
Hercus, Hodges and Simpson (2002) The Land is a Map: Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia
Koch and Hercus. (2009) Aboriginal Placenames: Naming and Re-Naming the Australian Landscape