While I don't know much about the Asian Silk Road economies, you can see a massive impact at the European end. The preeminence of Italy, and, in particular, its trading powerhouses, like Venice and Genoa, were based off the Silk Road. This helped place the Mediterranean at the centre of the European world. The Columbian exchange saw a massive shift in this as the economic centre of Europe moved away from the Mediterranean and the Silk Road trade to the Atlantic littoral, first to Portugal and Spain and then to Britain and the United Provinces.
John Darwin's After Tamerlane: The Rise & Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000 (London, 2007) is a very good book to look at these processes in a global, and non-Eurocentric perspective. I haven't read it yet but I think Maria Fusaro's Political Economies of Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Decline of Venice and the Rise of England, 1450-1700 (Cambridge, 2015) would provide some interesting perspectives on this as well.
There is a great example involving my beloved Habsburg Spain. As you know, their settlement with the Portuguese meant that they controlled the westward route from Iberia, excepting Brazil, and that that route continued across the Pacific ocean to their outpost in the Philippines.
Many have heard of the infamous silver mines of Peru and Mexico. But fewer know that most of the silver from Mexico, which rose to become the largest producer of silver by the 1660s, went to the Philippines, taken by the famous Manila Galleons.
At the Philippines, they were traded for even more valuable goods, such as silk and porcelain from Chinese traders, spice and sandalwood from Indonesia. They were then shipped back across the Pacific to New Spain Mexico, then finally to the Casa de Contratacion in Seville.
Locally in China, the volume was such that farmers in fertile regions such as Jiangnan substituted rice for silk. The total import of silver in this period was around 600 metric tons.
Unfortunately for this booming trade, the little ice age of the 1600s severely disrupted the Manila Galleons as travel time increased and disaster rates increased with the change of wind patterns. In fact, historians today take advantage of meticulous Spanish records to reconstruct wind pattern changes. The results of all this was a major disaster in those regions of China. Their trade declined significantly (by 40-50%), just as their remaining rice harvest also declined.
Normally, Japan would take over as the silk-for-silver trade partner, but they have just closed their ports to foreigners and severely restricted contact to only with the Dutch traders.
So there is one really great example of economic and political re-alignment brought about by the age of exploration, and how critical junctions were severely disrupted by climate change.
Herbert S. Klein, The Great Shift: the rise of Mexico and the Decline of Peru in the Spanish American Colonial Empire, 1680–1809, Revista de Historia Económica, 13, pp 35-61 doi:10.1017/S0212610900004870.
Geoffrey S. Parker, Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2013.