No, this is not a non-sequitur (am I using that right?) philosophy question. I am genuinely curious. There must be thousands of languages across the globe today and thousands more dead languages across history. Yet, from what I can tell, most languages call Earth "Earth" instead of some "fantasy" name (for example, in Chinese, the Earth is called Di Qiu, which means ball of soil/earth, while in French, it's called Terre, literally translating to Earth).
TLDR: how did the Earth get its name and why is it such an international name?
Just to clarify, I don't understand your question at all. (Almost) every word can be translated into any language, and the word "Earth" is no exception. Of course there is a word that means Earth in French, Chinese, and Arabic - why wouldn't there be?
I don't know what you mean by "an international name" as every language has a different word for Earth. Latin languages use terr-, Germanic ones use (a/e)r(d/th), and other languages use other names, just like with most words. "Apple" is "pomme" in French and "蘋果" in Chinese - that doesn't mean apple is an "international name" just because it has translations in every language.
Could you please clarify what you're asking?
(Also, "Di Qiu" or 地球 does not mean "ball of soil", it literally just means "Earth" in the exact same way as Erde in German or Terre in French. The characters "Di" and "Qiu" contribute to the etymology of the term, of course, but many non-Chinese speakers are very quick to assume that "Di" and "Qiu" must mean the same thing in a word like "diqiu" that they do separately as "di" and "qiu." They don't; "di," "qiu," and "diqiu" are three related but entirely separate words. Separately they mean floor or ground and ball or sphere. Together as a single word it means Earth, it does not mean "ball of floor" or "spherical ground" or any other kind of combination; just Earth. Soil is another word that is related to di (tu / 土, the left part of di / 地) but it is wholly unrelated to diqiu. A butterfly is not a fly made of butter.)
It sounds like OP is mistakingly thinking that the word for earth in every language was somehow inherently, predestined to be assigned to describing the earth and despite that fact it seems odd that other words weren't conjured up for use; words which would thus be fantasy or abstract with non-inherent, non-predestined meanings assigned to them. So I think that's the question. And if so, the answer is that the word for earth in every single language is completely abstract and only has any meaning because we have decided it does. Also, the word earth translates over to most other foreign languages in meaning only. The meaning is universal, the words used for that meaning are not.