I've read that the English names for a few days of the week come from the worship of specific deities on those days like Wodensday (Odin?) and Thorsday? Is this true? If so, it woukd suggest to me they had their own calender and lead me to wonder what kind of understanding those peoples would have had of the calender/passage of time before Christianization.
I know a little about this topic but I don't feel confident enough to give you a sufficient answer, so I'm going to summon the almighty /u/EyeStache from the heavens who hopefully can give more insight than I.
Sorry about the delay in getting to you, but I was out of town and didn't have access to any sources.
Okay, so, what do we know about pre-Christian Scandinavian passages of time? Functionally, next to nothing.
Why? Because we have 0 sources that explain that stuff from the pre-conversion era. All of our extant written sources are from well after the Conversion and use a Christian framework and concept of time.
You might, however, want to look at Old English sources (of which I am entirely ignorant, save Bede, unfortunately) for more information.