Both started out as pan-Ottoman movements seeking to preserve the state through representative government involving all of its constituent peoples. But whereas the Young Ottomans came to see Islam as the basis of a core identity for the empire - uniting as it did Turks and Arabs to the south - the Young Turks increasingly (and especially after their return to power in 1913) saw a Turkish national identity as the future, alienating even Muslim non-Turks but prefiguring the secular nationalism of the later Republic.