A few, though some owed more to periods of crisis or to outside backing. Separatist aspirations survived in the southern parts of Italy and Germany long after unification, while there was a brief French-backed Rhineland republic in 1923. The Basque ETA and Corsican FNLC ended their 40-year armed campaigns but continue to pursue independence: elsewhere, political movements have tended to embrace autonomy though Catalan separatism remains powerful and there have been a number of smaller movements without much popular support (e.g. Cornwall). But it's an evolving picture: three decades ago many eastern European nationalities' futures seemed to lie in larger federations, and an unforeseen consequence of closer European integration has been to bolster notions of independence within the larger EU framework.