Given that this predates the earliest examples of writing by a few thousand years it would be considered pre-history and more suited for /r/askanthropology. These people are still considered modern humans or Homo sapiens but probably did not have any of the hallmarks of what we'd consider modern humans i.e. Writing, complex language, farming or domesticated animals etc. hopefully you can get more help over there though.
10,000 BC is indeed the stone age, and even before the Neolithic Revolution. The people who lived at that time were indeed Homo sapiens. Neanderthals and Homo sapiens actually lived together for a while, and even interbred according to some recent DNA studies, until the Neanderthals became extinct over 30,000 years ago. Different areas of the world had different tool groups and cultures, but around 10,000 BC (usually in what is referred to as the Mesolithic or Epipaleolithic period) the tool culture in the areas I am most familiar with (the Ancient Near East) was called Natufian.
As for weapons, they would be stone tools, such as spears, javelins, and even bows and arrows. Here is an image of a blade cache from the Natufian/PPN (Pre-Pottery Neolithic) period in Israel. They used the first sickles to collect wild grains, which led to their Neolithic descendants developing agriculture. But most of their tools were still made out of flint, though sometimes they used bone and wood.
Metal was absolutely out of the question, that wouldn't come until the Chalcolithic period about 5000 years later, give or take a couple millennia depending on where in the world we're talking about (earliest copper mining in Ancient Near East was ~7000 BC, while we don't see European copper until closer to ~5000 BC).
In terms of communication, we don't have any idea about languages, as writing didn't happen until about 7000 years later in Sumer, with the earliest written languages excavated near Jemdet Nasr and dating to 3100-2900 BC. There are some evidences of symbols being written to convey some meaning earlier, such as the Vinča symbols, which are "proto-writing", that is, they are symbols that have meaning, but do not represent language. You wouldn't "read" the symbols, you would merely understand what they meant. And they didn't appear until around 5000 BC, much, much later than the period we're talking about.
We don't know what they knew about in terms of science or mathematics, as they had no writing to tell us what they were thinking about.
One very important technology was probably in its infancy around this time, beer! "University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and his colleagues presented evidence that neolithic Chinese villagers were making "a mixed fermented beverage of rice, honey, and fruit (hawthorn fruit and/or grape)" as early as 9,000 years ago. "
