Charles I was both king of Scotland and England, but when he tried to force the Scots to adopt the Book of Common Prayer and Anglican teachings, they rebelled and the Scottish Covenanter army then marched to the border and proceeded to have several skirmishes with the English army that Charles raised in 1639. The hostilities between the two forces ended in 1641 when Charles agreed to the demands of the Covenanters. This conflict was a prelude to the English Civil War and coterminous Wars of the Three Kingdoms.