Hi! Not to limit further discussion, but you may find this previous roundtable on the psychological diagnoses of past individuals useful.

You should absolutely check out the discussion linked by /u/thejukeboxhero, and I in fact already have an answer in that discussion. But I wanted to elaborate on a couple things that I hadn't mentioned in that answer, so I'm going to paste in an edited version of another previous answer I wrote on the subject.

There have been some recent studies on exactly this topic. The real difficulty is, with modern advances in medical sciences, ancient people groups experienced things we have names for, but they didn't understand underlying causes the way we do.

One recent study examined ancient Mesopotamian accounts and discovered behaviors that they attribute to PTSD in Assyrian warriors coming back from battle. (Abdul-Hamid, Walid Khalid, and Jamie Hacker Hughes. "Nothing New under the Sun: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders in the Ancient World." Early science and medicine 19.6 (2014): 549-557.) (PDF Warning)

In this study, they discussed the fact that basically the entire adult male population was subject to military service every three years. A number of them suffered from symptoms they believed were caused by the ghosts of the enemies they had killed during battle, causing uneasiness and other symptoms. The authors of the study believe that if one of them were to walk into a clinic today and be diagnosed, it would be called PTSD.

They cite several examples of ancient Assyrian medical texts describing symptoms of people afflicted in this way:

14.34 “If his words are unintelligible for three days […]37 his mouth [F…] and he experiences wandering about for three days in a row F…1.”

14.35 “He experiences wandering about (for three) consecutive (days)”; this means: “he experiences alteration of mentation (for three) consecutive (days).”

14.36 “If his words are unintelligible and depression keeps falling on him at regular intervals (and he has been sick) for three days F…]”

Also,

19.32 “If in the evening, he sees either a living person or a dead person or someone known to him or someone not known to him or anybody or anything and becomes afraid; he turns around but, like one who has [been hexed with?] rancid oil, his mouth is seized so that he is unable to cry out to one who sleeps next to him, ‘hand’ of ghost (var. hand of […]).”

19.33 “[If] his mentation is altered so that he is not in full possession of his faculties, ‘hand’ of a roving ghost; he will die.”

19.34 “If his mentation is altered, […] (and) forgetfulness(?) (and) his words hinder each other in his mouth, a roaming ghost afflicts him. (If) […], he will get well.”

(I'm not sure which tablets these inscriptions come from, as they are not cited as I would expect, given that the article is a medical journal rather than an archaeological one)

Another example they cite is the description of the King of Elam (a Near Eastern polity located in western Iran) and how his "mind changed" after a war.

The really tricky part is whether these ancient stresses and reactions to the violence and brutality of war result in the same disorder as PTSD, or whether there are subtleties that make modern PTSD and the modern stresses that cause it a different ailment. We can't directly diagnose an Assyrian soldier haunted by the ghosts of the enemies he killed, so we can't answer that question, all we can do is interpret what they tell us about their lives in a framework that we can understand.

The article I cited above describes several other ancient accounts of afflictions resulting from battle stress, including a soldier who fought in the battle of Marathon, who suffered from blindness that appears to be psychosomatic in nature, resulting from psychological trauma suffered during the battle:

Epizelus, the son of Cuphagorus, an Athenian soldier, was fighting bravely when he suddenly lost sight of both eyes, though nothing had touched him anywhere – neither sword, spear, nor missile. From that moment he continued blinded as long as he lived. I am told that in speaking about what happened to him he used to say that he fancied he was opposed by a man of great stature in heavy armour, whose beard overshadowed his shield but the phantom passed him by and killed the man at his side. (p. 3)

Therefore, scholars believe we have depictions of mental illness similar to PTSD occurring during the time of the Assyrians, ~1300-600 BC.