What did Nazi Party members see on the night of the Beer Hall Putsch?

by m4cktheknife

Was Hitler drinking beer that particular night? Did people there know that he was the de facto leader of the evening?

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Nazi party members wouldn't have been drinking beer that evening. The Beer Hall Putsch is named this because the Bürgerbräukeller was the place where the Nazis got hold of members of the Bavarian cabinet.

But first for the background:

The governments of Bavaria and the Reich (the Weimar Republic kept the nomenclature from the German empire despite being a republic) were at massive odds in 1923, especially over the issue of passive resistance to the French occupation of the Ruhr area. The Bavarian government lead by the Bayrische Volkspartei (a splinter group of the catholic Zentrum) also harbored separatist tendencies and was in effect working to deposing the Reich government in order to replace it with a more authoritarian government. The Bavarian government - when the passive resistance to the Ruhr occupation was announced in September 1923 - declared a state of emergency - they wanted active resistance - and Gustav von Kahr was declared the General Commissioner of Bavaria. The Reich reacted by appealing to the Reichswehr in Bavaria in order to execute their orders but the Reichswehr commander of Bavaria rejected this and let his troops swear an oath to the new Bavarian government.

Hitler who had planned a coup for September postponed his plans because he saw this as his chance to recreate something like Mussolini's March on Rome. Basically his plan was to force the Bavarian government to depose the Reich government with violence. His first call to do so on October 30, 1923 did not lead to such action but he, the Nazis and their partners saw their chance on November 8 when it was announced that von Kahr along with Otto von Lossow, commander of the Reichswehr in Bavaria, Hans von Seißer, commander of the Bavarian police, and Bavarian chancellor Eugen Ritter von Knilling were discussing their plans in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich.

Hitler with support from the SA and the officers from the cadets' school in Munich who were commanded by Erich Ludendorff marched to the Bürgerbräukeller where he entered with Hermann Göring and fired a pistol in the air announcing the national revolution. Hitler and Luddendorf took Kahr, Lossow, and Seißer to another room while Göring gave a speech. Kahr, Lossow, and Seißer said -- later claimed they were forced to -- they would support a coup and so members of the Nazi party occupied the Beer Hall and arrested the members of the government while other members of the Nazi party, especially the SA under Röhm were ordered to occupy certain key installations of the Bavarian government.

Hitler had planned that together with Ludendorf and the support by Kahr, Lossow, and Seißer the Reichswehr and police would support the coup. The next day Hitler, several of his supporters, and Ludendorff who had nominally taken command started marching from the Beer Hall to the center of Munich. While their first encounter with police went well and they were able to disarm about 30 policemen at the Ludwigsbrücke, Seißer who had been let go to order troops from Munich's policestation to support the coup had telephoned the police guard of Munich's governmental palace to stop the Nazis at all cost. What Hitler and Luddendorf didn't know was that Kahr had changed his mind overnight and claimed he had been forced at gun point to support the coup while denouncing it over the radio (he had been brought to the radio station to announce the coup). Seißer heard this and immediately ordered the 130 police men in Munich's governmental palace to stop Hitler and the others.

So when Hitler and Ludendorff and their supporters arrived at the Odeonplatz, they suddenly faced 130 armed policemen with the support of a machinegun. During this standoff someone (who is still unclear) started firing and in the ensuing firefight 4 policemen and 19 Nazis were killed. While Hitler and several others managed to escape at first, it wasn't long before they were arrested.

So, as for your question, a Nazi supporter of Hitler would have seen pretty much all that, depending on where he was. But while the idea originated with Hitler, the person nominally in charge of the coup was Ludendorff, who due to his role in WWI was the more prestigious figure with the völkisch movement in Bavaria and the person people who were not hardcore Nazis were more likely to follow.

Sources:

  • Hans Mommsen: Adolf Hitler und der 9. November 1923. In: Johannes Willms (Hrsg.): Der 9. November. Fünf Essays zur deutschen Geschichte. 2. Auflage. C. H. Beck, München 1995.

  • Ernst Deuerlein: Der Hitler-Putsch. Bayerische Dokumente zum 8./9. November 1923. Eingeleitet u. hrsg. von Ernst Deuerlein. Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte. Band 9. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1962.

  • Dornberg, John (1982). Munich 1923: The Story of Hitler's First Grab for Power. New York.

  • Ian Kershaw: Hitler.