What types of calendars would farmers and pastoralists have used to track phenological cycles and festivals in the Pamir Mountain region of what is now Tajikistan and Afghanistan through the end of the 19th Century? What cultural models would have influenced their adoption?

Hi. It's not a homework question; it's something I've been working on and would love to see if there are folks out there that might be able to contribute to the corpus of knowledge on the subject.

Another way of asking the question is to ask about the co-development of time-keeping and agriculture. Because agriculture is critical for life, keeping track of the seasons, the timing of pollination, and the movement of different species must have also been critical. So I'm curious how tribes in mountain valleys that also happened to be on the silk routes may or may not have adopted different calendaring systems, either though Persian Islamist influences or perhaps Chinese or even Indian. Some accounts even suggest methods of tracking farming timings vis-a-vis the body in relation to the sun. Perhaps coincidence, or perhaps not: the body must have been the original gnomon for tracking time in the shadow of the sun. So one wonders how to connect natural history patterns with ancient calendaring systems.