Let's talk about language policy in 19th century Poland!

Generally speaking, the Russians were the most restrictive on the use and teaching of the Polish language, while the Austrians were most friendly and permissive of Polish-language education and culture. The Prussians were generally somewhere in the middle, with occasional periods of greater repression.

Until 1867 Russia claimed to rule its Polish areas as part of a nominal "Kingdom of Poland" that was in personal union with the Tsar of Russia. This was largely a legal fiction after the November Uprising of 1830-31, after which Tsar Nicholas I ordered all Polish schools and universities closed. In practice, Polish was still taught in parochial primary schools, which were still largely run and administered by the Roman Catholic church.

Austria was probably the most lenient towards Polish language and culture. As a large multinational empire constantly struggling in the 19th century with new nationalist movements, the Austrian authorities largely were willing to tolerate and even encourage Polish-language culture so long as it didn't border into outright separatism. Between 1809 and 1846, Krakow largely functioned as independent city-state. Krakow was formally annexed into Austrian Sileaia after the (unsuccessful) 1846 Krawkow uprising. Even then, Krakow maintained a literate Polish culture more than most of the other cities in Poland during the long 19th century.

The Prussians were comparatively indifferent to Polish culture (Polish was seen as a language of illiterate peasants) but became increasingly hostile after the Springtime of Nations in 1848. This peaked under Bismarks's kulturkampf policies against the institutional and social power of the Catholic church in the 1860s and 1870s. The Unification of Germany saw a increasing social pressure in Prussian Silesia to speak proper German in public life. Note that at this time much of what is today northern and western Poland was populated by with large numbers of Protestant German-speakers, especially in the larger towns and along the Baltic littoral.