Israelis sort of cuss in Hebrew. While Hebrew did have words for things that could be dirty words before Modern Hebrew, most of them were used as neutral words for bodily functions/body parts/etc. Nearly all Modern Hebrew profanities are loaned from other languages, particularly Arabic. While some are just loaned (such as kus or sharmuta), some are calques, or direct translations, such as saying kus ima shelkha as a direct translation of Arabic kus emak. English profanities also are fairly widely used in Modern Hebrew.

There are a few native Hebrew terms, though. One is zona, which is a classical Hebrew term for prostitute. Early speakers would've learned that word and started applying it negatively, usually by calling people ben-zona (son of a zona). One very productive term is zayin, which is the name of the 7th letter of the alphabet. In classical Hebrew it meant "sword", which is used in some languages for a euphemism for the penis. In Hebrew it's especially fitting, since the letter looks vaguely phallic. It's used in lots of phrases with regular verbs to express various emotions. Plus the verb form, lezayen, roughly means "to fuck". There are a few more that are more clearly relatively new euphemisms, such as using lidfok (to push, knock, hit) to mean "to screw".

So there you have it. Profanity didn't go directly from classical Hebrew to modern Hebrew. Some classical terms became vulgar in Modern Hebrew, Modern Hebrew loaned a lot, and Modern Hebrew gives new vulgar meanings to classical Hebrew words.

I dispute that these words would not be found in print. Lady Chatterley's Lover features the word fuck and was published in 1928, in the first half of the 20th century and before modern Israel's foundation.