I'll try to answer from an architecture's point of view the impact that railways had on social structure and industrialization by describing a key aspect between both, that is the emergence of factories. The industrial revolution gave rise to this new type of building, railways facilitated shipping of the production and the resources needed to operate both nationally and internationally. Depending on the size of factories, workers would range from children to adults, incluiding entire families who were provided provisional settlements such as boardinghouses. On a bigger scale, factories paved the way for what we now call the sprawl in the following manner. Small towns such as Manchester and Liverpool became cities that grew exponentially in size and population thanks to factories. This created an almost striclty utilitarian urban mess that lacked proper design, the industrial city. The lack of buidling codes and regultations for these gave way to the pollution cities, London was not the exemption. These, among others made the way for a bunch of acts such as the Great Reform Act. The garden city movement by Ebenezer Howard was one of the most radical ways to confront this overpopulation and pollution problem and is the genesis of today's suburbia. In term's of architecture there was alot of experimentation also with buidling types specially those with social interest, such as prisons and workhouses, but thats another subject, that you could tie with social structures and dynamics.

Here's a quote from my main reference, A Global History of Architecture that gives us a glimpse of the scale of factory production on England based on railroads: "In 1860, England laid 17,000 miles of railroad track, compared with 10,000 miles of new track lain in France. By 1870, England controlled one-third of the world’s overall production."

This is only part of the answer, but if you are interested in the subject either on an architecture's point of view or a city planning you can watch the documentary Urbanized, is both informing and entertaining.