Well, hypothetically speaking you've got two basic types of missile detection systems: visual and radar.

Radar based systems are pretty hard to fake out. Missiles are fast after all, and they're basically looking for something moving fast, plotting a few positions, and then guessing where it might land. It's tricky business though, because radar based systems have to look out and over the horizon so they can pick their targets out against the emptiness of the sky.

Visual systems don't have that problem, they can look down from satellites and the sort. They're generally looking for heat and light plumes from the boost-phase of the missile which means they're going to be a little more prone to false-positives. Throw the right amount of IR radiation at them at the right angle and they might get a false positive.

Probably not though, and certainly not the precision instruments built by the patriotic workers of the great Soviet Union.

But.... uh.... why do you ask?

Look, if detected something like a small of intercontinental ballistic missiles coming from the United States to the Soviet Union, just call with the red phone to check in with Washington. I'm pretty sure it's all a mistake. An actual nuclear attack would involve dozens, if not hundreds of missiles.

I would wager the most famous incident was that of HMS Sheffield in 1982. She was on picket duty, but the satellite communications system interfered with the effectiveness of her radar. As a result, the first warning she had that the missile was inbound was by use of the Mk1 eyeball (in fairness, a good eye on that lookout) a couple of seconds before impact.

Of course, this is at the tactical level. At the strategic level, missile launch detection systems can often fail, as they work on the basis of heat and light. A good sunlight reflection can, in theory, spoof a satellite. Not that this has ever happened before, of course, it's purely hypothetical.

Who has the other missile key, Comrade?

Do not listen to these lying capitalist cyka!Comrade you must report the data to Moskva at once. We will mobilize the red army to defend the glorious motherland!

I'm not sure if this can be classified as a detection system, but at least a detection component exists, but Iron Dome has been proved to be relatively ineffective. However, like the article shows, detection works pretty well, interception is much harder to contend with.