It would have been rather difficult. It would require to complicity of most of the officers on board. The Soviets vetted the officers for political reliability, and captains were limited in their ability to chose their officers, so they wouldn't be able to fully 'stack the deck'. Further, officers with families ashore would know they would be harshly treated as relatives of a traitor. So it would be hard for a captain to gather a group of willing, single officers. On the other hand, the enlisted conscript crew had no navigation training and no way to tell where the sub was and where it was heading.

The nearest example would be the mutiny aboard the Krivak-class frigate Storozhevoy. The political officer, Valery Sablin, was able to get 15 officers assigned to the ship that he believed would go along with his plan (He didn't plan to defect, rather sail to Leningrad and broadcast a message decrying the corruption of the Brezhnev regime, but Western observers believed at the time he was trying to defect). They were able to lock the captain and other officers in the forward sonar room. They were betrayed when one of the 15 'reliable' officers jumped ship and swam ashore.

In The Hunt for Red October, Tom Clancy circumvents the problem by making Ramius such an exceptional officer that he was allowed to chose most his officers except the doctor and political officer (whom he kills).