I'll answer the Islamic part of the question and tell you that any simple pictograph would be redundant because the subject matter is very complicated, however, Robert Hoyland's book: Arabia and the Arabs is the best easily available resource, it contains tables and maps which aim to simplify some information contained in the text, it's probably the best and most accurate resource for what you are after. Then there's his other book In Gods Path deals with the movement of the Arabs after the creation of Islam.

Great responses, all! Is there anything related to the various groups who've settled Jerusalem?