Short answer: Yes.

Long answer, by Caroline Walker Bynum in 'Holy Feast and Holy Fast':

The answer depends on which definition of anorexia we choose. If anorexia is defined as 'the relentless pursuit of thinness' or 'dieting' that has gone out of control, then anorexia can only be diagnosed in cultures that associate thinness with beauty. But if we use a psychological definition like Bruch's "self-inflicted starvation in the absence of organic disease and in the midst of ample food", then anorexia did indeed exist.

In earlier centuries (13th to 17th), it was more of a spiritual obsession issue, usually diagnosed as 'hysteria', than a body image issue. For example, Julie Hepworth in The Social Construction of Anorexia Nervosa cites Saint Catherine of Siena as an early sufferer. The Church at the time glorified penitence and fasting, and she found herself unable to stop (even after the church warned her against it), which led to her early death. Other holy women also experienced the bloating that is characteristic of eating disorders, like Ida of Louvain 'who swelled as if pregnant with Christ'.

Other famous people with eating disorders include Empress Elizabeth of Austria. In the History Today article by Vandereycken and Van Deth, "The Anorectic Empress: Elisabeth of Austria", she is said to have gone on a 'fasting cure' if her weight exceeded 50 kilograms (at 5 feet 8 inches height). She is also recorded to have practised binge eating; in 1878, she ate so much cake that her companions noted it down as 'a considerable quantity'.

It is important to note that eating disorders were also found in men, who were not under pressure to be thin. A Yale instructor in Noah Webster's biography is described thus:

Dwight considered employment the best antidote to melancholy, and he prided himself on studying fourteen hours a day and sleeping only four hours each night. A couple of years later, he suddenly became concerned that too much food was dulling his mind. He began to reduce his intake to twelve mouthfuls at each meal; after six months of this experiment, he upped the ante, cutting out all meat and eating only vegetables--primarily potatoes. By the summer of 1774, Dwight was down to ninety-five pounds, and his father whisked him home to Northampton, Massachusetts, where he was expected to die. But under doctor's orders to avoid all study and to drink a bottle of Madeira per day, Dwight slowly regained his health over the next few months...

Slimness as a beauty standard has always existed to some extent, because humans are biologically attracted to an optimal hip:waist ratio where the waist is much skinner than the hips or breasts. Hence figure-modifying implements like corsets were used widely in Europe from 1500 AD onwards (some attribute their popularity to Catherine of Medici). But it seems that true thinness as a beauty standard only came into vogue from 1800 onwards. This is due to two reasons which I won't get into: the advent of dieting in 1840 after Sylvester Graham preached to the common people that eating bland, weight-loss inducing foods would decrease sin, and William Banting's anti-fat, high-protein diet in 1860. The second reason is, of course, the Industrial Revolution which created mass-produced clothing instead of custom-fitted clothing by a seamstress. This made it easy to compare sizes between women and made it important to fit into 'standard sizes' because you'd have to alter your clothes otherwise.

But we can see that after these developments - corresponding to the Victorian and Industrial Ages - eating disorders became much more common. By 1873, anorexia had become so recognised that William Gull (in England) and Laseque in France both published papers about 'Anorexia Nervosa'.