I think this isn't a question pertaining historians. You could ask evolutionary psychologists, anthropologists (cultural anthropologists in particular) and sociologists.

This isn't really a question for historians, if you wanted an answer an anthropologist would probably be your best bet. However, you could swing this as an intellectual history question. In other words, what theories have people come up with to explain patriarchy? One of the most influential ones is the radical feminist one, so in the 1960s and 70s. Shulamith Firestone and others argued that patriarchy comes about because of female biology, most particularly pregnancy. Essentially, during pregnancy and lactation women are weak and dependant on men for safety and food. This she argues causes "psycho-sexual distortions in the human mind" and creates a mindset of dominance and control. Patriarchy, unequal power relations between men and women, therefore existed long before the institution of private property. For Firestone and the other radical feminists there are by definition no matriarchal societies. Ones that are matrilineal come from the relative weakness of men, but ultimately women are still dependant because of pregnancy.

This stands in contrast to Marx and Engels who argued that patriarchy comes about as a result of the institution of private property. A man has property and wishes to pass it on to someone who is biologically related to him. He therefore gets a woman and has exclusive sexual rights to her for the production of children. This is a relationship of economic power where the woman is chattel.