I asked a similar question yesterday, but I didn't receive any replies. This question is much broader, so hopefully someone is generous enough to reply with information.
What sort of occupations were they able to handle? If they happened to be soldiers, would this end their soldier career?
I noticed your question the other day and was tempted to respond, but the thing inhibiting me was that my ability to source was basically nil. I would like to think that I've fairly extensively studied a wide variety of medieval texts, mostly focusing on Anglo-Saxons and the English, but I cannot recall someone losing a limb and surviving in any of them. My best source is a rhyming eulogy in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles:
A.D. 1036. This year came hither Alfred the innocent etheling, son of King Ethelred, and wished to visit his mother, who abode at Winchester: but Earl Godwin, and other men who had much power in this land, did not suffer it; because such conduct was very agreeable to Harold, though it was unjust. Him did Godwin let, and in prison set. His friends, who did not fly, they slew promiscuously. And those they did not sell, like slaughter'd cattle fell! Whilst some they spared to bind, only to wander blind! Some ham-strung, helpless stood, whilst others they pursued. A deed more dreary none in this our land was done, since Englishmen gave place to hordes of Danish race. But repose we must in God our trust, that blithe as day with Christ live they, who guiltless died -- their country's pride! The prince with courage met each cruel evil yet; till 'twas decreed, they should him lead, all bound, as he was then, to Ely-bury fen. **But soon their royal prize bereft they of his eyes! Then to the monks they brought their captive; where he sought a refuge from his foes till life's sad evening close. His body ordered then these good and holy men, according to his worth, low in the sacred earth, to the steeple full-nigh, in the south aile to lie of the transept west -- his soul with Christ doth rest.**^1
In short: Ælfred Æþeling was blinded while captive and subsequently died of his wounds. If you have a limb sheared or blown off you have minutes at most to have a tourniquet applied, otherwise the blood loss is too great, shock ensues, and then shortly after that death. Even today, when we have any number of refined blood products that can be introduced intravenously the tourniquet has made a comeback due to the Iraq War.^2 Even a deep muscular tissue wound in the medieval period was likely fatal, given the lack of surgical apparatus to clamp damaged vessels and veins and no understanding of sterilization.
If it's any consolation, you've asked a very good question. It's just there aren't a lot of survivors in primary sources to make a coherent tale out of. It has struck me, numerous times, that medieval soldiers were very quick to surrender, broker a peace, or withdraw when the odds were grim, and that many medieval rulers will accept this state of affairs rather than chance a battle even with an outnumbered and outclassed enemy. Basically, people avoided the sort of battle where limbs were chopped off.